Which technique is commonly used in root cause analysis for investigations?

• A. 5 Whys
• B. SWOT analysis
• C. Monte Carlo simulation
• D. Cost-benefit analysis

Answer: (A)

This question tests the method commonly used to identify the underlying cause of an incident in investigations. The 5 Whys approach is a simple, iterative questioning technique that digs deeper with each answer, typically leading to the root cause rather than stopping at a surface symptom. By repeatedly asking “Why did this happen?” investigators trace the sequence of events and causal factors, often revealing gaps in processes, training, or supervision that allowed the issue to occur. Because of its straightforward logic and effectiveness in surfacing foundational problems, it’s a staple in root cause analysis.

SWOT analysis is about evaluating strategic position by looking at strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats; it’s not designed to uncover why an specific incident occurred. Monte Carlo simulation uses probabilistic modeling to assess risk and uncertainty across outcomes, which helps with predicting variability rather than pinpointing the causal driver of an event. Cost-benefit analysis weighs costs and benefits of potential actions, guiding decision-making rather than identifying the mechanism behind an incident.